The life sciences sector has experienced a notable increase in mergers and acquisitions (M&amp;A) over the past year, with significant activity in the pharmaceutical and medical technology (medtech) industries. A combination of strategic imperatives, market dynamics, and the pursuit of innovation and profitability for businesses drives this trend. As we progress into 2025, industry stakeholders need to understand the factors driving these deals and their implications for the life sciences sector, particularly regarding the supply of skilled talent.
<h2>Recent M&amp;A Trends in Life Sciences</h2>
After a peak in 2021, life science M&amp;A activity experienced a downturn during the pandemic and fell to its <a href="https://www.reuters.com/markets/deals/dealmakers-see-rebound-after-global-ma-volumes-hit-decade-low-2023-12-21/">lowest level in 10 years</a> in 2023 due to higher interest rates and economic uncertainty. This drop-off also extended into 2024 due to the decreased volume of megadeals (deals exceeding $5bn) in the sector, with 10 megadeals in 2023, down to two in 2024, according to <a href="https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/services/deals/trends/health-industries.html">PwC</a>.
However, since this dip, the M&amp;A market, especially in the science sector, has been recovering, particularly in the last two quarters of 2024. This new surge in activity is mainly due to the number of pharmaceutical companies acquiring pre-commercial biotech assets to accelerate research and development (R&amp;D), reducing the projected timeline for assets in the pipeline by an average of <a href="https://www.mckinsey.com/capabilities/m-and-a/our-insights/life-sciences-m-and-a-shows-new-signs-of-life">at least 30%.</a> MedTech companies are also proactively enhancing their portfolios to improve profitability.
<a href="https://www.pharmaceutical-technology.com/data-insights/global-ma-activity-pharmaceutical-industry/?cf-view">GlobalData&rsquo;s Deals Database</a> indicated that in Q3 2024, 420 M&amp;A deals were announced in the global pharmaceutical industry, totaling a value of $32.4bn. Healthcare-related deals comprised 34% of the total, an increase of 2% compared to Q2. Additionally, as mentioned at the J.P Morgan Health Conference 2025, 2024 saw <a href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/juergeneckhardt/2025/01/16/5-insights-from-the-2025-jp-morgan-healthcare-conference/">106 biotech venture deals exceeding $100 million</a>, indicating another uptick in activity.
<h3>Major deals in the past few years include:</h3>
<ul>
<li>Pfizer acquired Seagen for approximately $43bn in early 2023 to improve its oncology pipeline, which has doubled since the acquisition, with <a href="https://www.pfizer.com/news/press-release/press-release-detail/pfizer-completes-acquisition-seagen">60 programs covering multiple modalities</a>.</li>
<li>Novo Holdings A/S acquired Catalent, Inc., for $16.5bn in Q1 2024 to improve its portfolio of life sciences services and address supply chain challenges in drug manufacturing.</li>
<li>Gilead Sciences&rsquo; acquisition of CymaBay Therapeutics for approximately $4.3bn in February 2024 to reinforce its liver portfolio with a promising drug candidate.</li>
<li>Eli Lilly and Co. acquisition of Morphic Holding for $3.2bn to explore Morphic&rsquo;s pipeline of oral therapies to treat immunologic diseases such as IBD. This was the largest pharmaceutical disclosed deal in mid-2024.</li>
<li>Johnson &amp; Johnson agreed to acquire Intra-Cellular Therapies in January 2025 for $14.6bn to strengthen its neuroscience portfolio.</li>
</ul>
These transactions reflect a broader trend of consolidation aimed at increasing market share and utilizing complementary technologies to more effectively address unmet medical needs.
<h2>The Main Drivers of M&amp;A Activity</h2>
<h3>Patent Cliffs and Pipeline Gaps</h3>
Big Pharma companies continue looking for M&amp;A opportunities to tackle patent expirations (&lsquo;<a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/p/patent-cliff.asp">patent cliffs</a>&rsquo;) and potential delays/gaps in drug development pipelines. Research conducted by <a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/309404/global-total-prescription-drug-revenue-at-risk-from-patent-expiration/">Statista</a> highlights that the global prescription drug revenue will face significant risks due to patent expirations between 2024 and 2030, with the highest risk occurring in 2028, affecting approximately $100 billion worth of drugs. Once patents expire, competing companies can produce cheaper alternatives, increasing competition. This trend is particularly evident in the pharmaceutical industry, where generic drug manufacturers can capture a significant market share. To address this challenge, more companies are focusing on research and development (R&amp;D) and acquiring assets to strengthen their product pipelines.
<h3>Portfolio Optimization</h3>
Medtech companies actively manage their portfolios by selling off non-core assets and acquiring businesses aligning with their strategic goals. This approach aims to improve profitability and concentrate on high-growth areas within the sector. Companies are increasingly making strategic acquisitions that focus on specific products and innovations to address gaps in their pipelines or strengthen their growth profiles.
<h3>Market Consolidation</h3>
The healthcare sector is experiencing consolidation as companies seek economies of scale and expanded market research. This trend is evident in pharmaceutical and medtech industries, where acquisitions strengthen market position. The U.S. remains a hotspot for M&amp;A activity due to its mature market, while Asia is gaining traction as companies pursue lower costs and high growth potential (<a href="https://www.gep.com/blog/strategy/medical-mergers-and-acquisitions-in-pharmaceutical-industry">GEP</a>).
<h3>Private Equity (PE) Involvement</h3>
Private equity firms increasingly participate in life sciences M&amp;A, attracted by the sector&rsquo;s growth potential. PE continues to have significant capital available for investment and a rising number of potential divestiture options as funds near the conclusion of their holding periods. There&rsquo;s an interest from the private equity sector in medtech and digital health companies. A clear example of this trend is <a href="https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/services/deals/trends/health-industries.html">KKR's recent acquisition of a 50% stake in Cotiviti</a>. This investment adds more capital and offers strategic support, which will likely enhance deal activity in the sector.
<h2>Outlook for 2025</h2>
The momentum in life sciences M&amp;A is expected to continue into 2025, driven by the need to stay competitive and capitalize on emerging opportunities within the sector. <a href="https://www.pwc.com/gx/en/ceo-survey/2025/28th-ceo-survey.pdf">PwC&rsquo;s 28th Annual Global CEO Survey</a> highlights that 86% of health industry CEOs plan to make one or more acquisitions in the next three years.
However, challenges such as high asset valuations necessitate a prudent approach to dealmaking. Companies must carefully assess potential M&amp;As to ensure alignment with their objectives and value-creation goals. Several trends we expect to see are:
<ul>
<li>Focus on Therapeutics &ndash; The oncology market will remain a dominant therapeutic area, as evidenced by explorations and success in previous years. In 2023, M&amp;A deals in <a href="https://www.ey.com/en_gl/newsroom/2024/01/deals-are-back-surge-in-life-sciences-m-a-fueled-by-sector-s-capital-reserves-and-quest-for-new-revenue-growth">oncology assets reached $65.2bn,</a> with the US dominating activity.</li>
<li>Growth of GLP-1&mdash;Similar to the oncology sector, the GLP-1 market is also expected to remain strong in M&amp;A activity. GLP-1 drugs for obesity and diabetes treatments continue to soar, with key players such as Novo Holdings and Eli Lilly.</li>
<li>Digital Transformation&mdash;Companies will likely seek acquisitions that improve their digital capabilities, particularly those that utilize AI and data analytics for drug discovery and patient engagement.</li>
<li>Sustainability &ndash; Environmental sustainability is becoming a priority across industries, including life sciences. Firms may pursue M&amp;A opportunities that improve their Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) profile.</li>
</ul>
<h2>What This Means for Consulting Services in Life Sciences</h2>
The surge in M&amp;A deals across the life science industry has profound implications for skilled professionals, creating a competitive environment for finding the right resourcing solutions. As companies face complex integration, workforce restructuring often becomes a central focus. With companies focusing on consolidating expertise and expanding their capabilities, there&rsquo;s a heightened risk of attrition and displacements during transitions. During M&amp;A changeovers, employees often face uncertainty regarding their roles, responsibilities, and job security, increasing turnover rates. According to <a href="https://www.aon.com/en/insights/articles/managing-human-capital-to-drive-innovation-in-life-sciences">Aon&rsquo;s 2024 report</a>, attracting and retaining talent ranks as the second-largest challenge within the life sciences industry, emphasizing the need for effective resourcing strategies during periods of organizational change. This situation requires a strategic approach to workforce management, making it advantageous to partner with a consultancy firm for assistance.
<h2>Life Science Consulting Leaders &ndash; Partner with Us</h2>
Redbock is a leading <a href="https://redbock.com/about-us/">life science consulting firm</a> providing FSP and contract resourcing solutions that help businesses bridge the gap during M&amp;A transitions. We align customized solutions to your business post-merger, ensuring that our solutions help you onboard and retain your most valuable assets &ndash; skilled professionals &ndash; and position you to thrive in an increasingly competitive market.
Are you looking for highly skilled consultants to support your business during a period of change? <a href="https://redbock.com/contact/">Contact us today</a> and navigate complex transitions with confidence.

Life Sciences M&A Outlook: What’s Driving Deals in 2025?

At Redbock, we are committed to fostering a transparent and trustworthy relationship with our candidates. However, it has come to our attention that scammers are actively impersonating Redbock employees to deceive job seekers. These perpetrators are sending fraudulent emails and misleading individuals in the recruitment process. 
<h2>What you need to know:</h2>
We have been made aware of an increase in spam emails originating from a newly registered domain, &ldquo;redbockcareer.com.&rdquo; This domain is not affiliated with Redbock in any way, and any communication coming from an email address using this domain should be treated with caution. The scammers behind these emails are pretending to offer completely illegitimate job opportunities.
<h2>Watch out for:</h2>
Email Domain
If you receive an email from anyone with the email address ending in @redbockcareer.com, do not engage. Official emails from Redbock will always come from an &ldquo;@redbock.com&rdquo; domain.
Unsolicited Job Offers
Be cautious of unexpected job offers or opportunities that seem too good to be true.
Personal Information
If an email requests sensitive personal details (such as bank account information, social security numbers, or passwords), it is a major warning sign and should be flagged immediately. We simply do not conduct business this way.
<h2>What to do if you receive a suspicious email</h2>
If you receive suspicious communication from a domain other than @redbock.com, we advise you not to engage. Do not click on any links, download attachments, or respond to these messages. Instead, please forward the email to our team at <a href="mailto:info@redbock.com">info@redbock.com</a> for verification. We are here to help you confirm whether the communication is legitimate and to ensure your safety during your job search.
If you believe this fraudulent recruitment scam has targeted you, we advise you to report it to your local authorities immediately. You must stop contacting them to avoid further attempts to steal your money or personal information.
Should you have any doubts about an offer you&rsquo;ve received, remember to contact us at <a href="mailto:info@redbock.com">info@redbock.com</a>.

Beware of Fraudulent Recruitment Activity

The pharmaceutical industry constantly evolves, with new drugs and treatments emerging to address unmet medical needs and improve patient outcomes. In 2023, several potential blockbuster drugs are set to impact the market significantly. These drugs, identified in reports by&nbsp;<a href="https://clarivate.com/">Clarivate Plc</a> and <a href="https://www.evaluate.com/vantage">Evaluate Vantage</a>, offer promising advancements for various conditions, including Alzheimer's disease, HIV, Parkinson's disease, and cancer.
This article will delve into the details of these groundbreaking drugs, exploring their potential to transform patient care and generate significant sales. We will examine their challenges regarding regulatory approval, market uptake, and reimbursement. By understanding the landscape of pharmaceutical innovation in 2023, we can gain insights into the future of healthcare and the potential impact of these drugs on patient lives.
<h2 class="MsoNormal">1. Lecanemab: A Breakthrough Treatment for Alzheimer's Disease</h2>
One of the most highly anticipated drugs in 2023 is Lecanemab, developed by <a href="https://www.eisai.eu/">Eisai Co Ltd</a> and <a href="https://www.biogen.com/">Biogen Inc</a>. This drug represents a major milestone in treating early-stage Alzheimer's disease. Lecanemab is an anti-A&beta; monoclonal antibody (MAb) that targets the disease's underlying pathology by reducing amyloid plaques in the brain.
In January 2023, Lecanemab received accelerated approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and was marketed as Leqembi. This approval marks a significant step forward in the fight against Alzheimer's disease. However, the full commercial success of Lecanemab will depend on several factors, including the FDA granting traditional approval based on phase 3 data and the Centers for Medicare &amp; Medicaid Services providing full Medicare coverage for the drug.
Despite these challenges, Lecanemab has the potential to revolutionize Alzheimer's treatment and improve the quality of life for millions of patients worldwide. Its approval opens the door for further research and development in Alzheimer's therapeutics.
<h2 class="MsoNormal">2. Donanemab: A Promising Alzheimer's Drug Facing Regulatory Hurdles</h2>
Donanemab, developed by <a href="https://www.lilly.nl/">Eli Lilly and Company</a>, is another drug targeting early-stage Alzheimer's disease. While it did not receive approval in 2022 as initially anticipated, it remains a drug to watch in 2023. Donanemab is an anti-A&beta; monoclonal antibody that aims to clear amyloid plaques and slow cognitive decline in Alzheimer's patients.
However, the FDA's rejection of Lilly's fast-track approval for donanemab in 2022 has created uncertainties regarding its future. The FDA requested additional data and required Lilly to apply for a traditional review, delaying the potential approval until the following year. These regulatory hurdles have cast doubt on the drug's timeline and commercial viability.
Despite the challenges, donanemab remains a promising candidate in the fight against Alzheimer's disease. Ongoing phase 3 clinical trials will provide further insights into its efficacy and safety, potentially paving the way for future approvals and advancements in Alzheimer's treatment.
<h2 class="MsoNormal">3. Bimekizumab: Advancing Psoriasis Treatment with Dual Inhibition</h2>
Bimekizumab, developed by <a href="https://www.ucb.co.uk/">UCB</a>, is a novel dual IL-17 A/F inhibitor designed to treat moderate to severe plaque psoriasis (PsO). Psoriasis is a chronic autoimmune skin condition characterized by red, scaly patches on the skin. Bimekizumab offers a new approach to psoriasis treatment by simultaneously targeting two isoforms of the IL-17 cytokine family.
Clinical trials have demonstrated superior skin clearance outcomes compared to existing treatments, making Bimekizumab an attractive option for clinicians and patients. Its less frequent dosing schedule and favourable safety profile further enhance its potential in the market.
With the prevalence of psoriasis and the need for effective treatments, Bimekizumab has the potential to impact patient care significantly. Its approval and subsequent launch in 2023 will provide a new therapeutic option for individuals with moderate to severe plaque psoriasis.
<h2 class="MsoNormal">4. Capivasertib: A Promising Treatment for Breast Cancer</h2>
Capivasertib, developed by <a href="https://www.astrazeneca.co.uk/">AstraZeneca</a>, is a highly potent and selective ATP-competitive pan-AKT kinase inhibitor. It shows promise as a novel treatment for breast cancer, with early-phase trials demonstrating clinical benefits for patients regardless of their PIK3CA/AKT1/PTEN mutational status.
Several phase 3 trials are currently underway to further evaluate the efficacy and safety of Capivasertib. If successful, this drug could offer a new therapeutic option for breast cancer patients, addressing an unmet medical need and potentially improving survival rates and quality of life.
The launch of Capivasertib in 2023 is eagerly anticipated, with the hope that it will contribute to the advancements in breast cancer treatment and pave the way for personalized therapies in this challenging disease.
<h2 class="MsoNormal">5. Daprodustat: A Novel Treatment for Chronic Kidney Disease-Related Anemia</h2>
Daprodustat, developed by <a href="https://www.gsk.com/">GlaxoSmithKline</a>, belongs to a novel class of oral treatments for chronic kidney disease (CKD)-related anaemia. CKD-related anaemia is a common complication of CKD, affecting many patients worldwide. Currently, treatment options for this condition are limited, and there is a high unmet medical need.
Daprodustat is a hypoxia-inducible factor-prolyl hydroxylase inhibitor that aims to stimulate the production of red blood cells, addressing the underlying cause of anaemia in CKD. Its availability in Japan for CKD-related anaemia has already shown impressive uptake.
The Prescription Drug User Fee Act (PDUFA) date for Daprodustat is February 1, 2023. If approved, it has the potential to revolutionize the treatment of CKD-related anaemia and improve the quality of life for millions of patients worldwide.
<h2 class="MsoNormal">6. Deucravacitinib: A Breakthrough Treatment for Autoimmune Conditions</h2>
Deucravacitinib, developed by <a href="https://www.bms.com/">Bristol Myers Squibb</a>, is a first-in-class oral targeted agent that selectively inhibits tyrosine kinase 2 (TYK2) and Janus kinase family members involved in cytokine-driven immune and inflammatory signals.
This drug can potentially fill a gap in the treatment armamentarium for autoimmune conditions such as psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis. Its unique mechanism of action and promising clinical trial results make Deucravacitinib an exciting addition to the field of autoimmune therapeutics.
With its approval in September 2022, Deucravacitinib has already demonstrated its clinical efficacy and safety. As further research and development continue, this drug could provide a new treatment option for patients suffering from autoimmune conditions, offering hope for improved disease management and quality of life.
<h2 class="MsoNormal">7. Foscarbidopa/Foslevodopa: Innovation in Parkinson's Disease Treatment</h2>
Foscarbidopa/Foslevodopa, developed by <a href="https://www.abbvie.co.uk/">AbbVie</a>, represents an innovative reformulation of the gold standard treatment for Parkinson's disease&mdash;carbidopa/levodopa. This novel drug is delivered via a subcutaneous pump, offering improved efficacy compared to orally administered carbidopa/levodopa.
Motor fluctuations are a common challenge in advanced Parkinson's disease, and Foscarbidopa/Foslevodopa aims to address this unmet need. The treatment provides dosing flexibility and a more convenient pump, potentially enhancing patient adherence and overall disease management.
The launch of Foscarbidopa/Foslevodopa in 2023 is expected to revolutionize the treatment of motor fluctuations in Parkinson's disease, improving the quality of life for patients and providing new possibilities for personalized care.
<h2 class="MsoNormal">8. Lenacapavir: A Long-Acting HIV Treatment with Potential for Multi-Drug Resistance</h2>
Lenacapavir, developed by <a href="https://www.gilead.com/">Gilead Sciences Inc</a>., is a long-acting HIV-1 capsid inhibitor approved to treat multidrug-resistant (MDR) HIV in individuals who have been heavily treated. This patient population represents a critical unmet medical need, as treatment options for MDR HIV are limited.
The approval of Lenacapavir by the FDA in December 2022 marked a significant milestone in the fight against HIV. Its long-acting formulation offers convenience and reduced patient treatment burden, potentially improving treatment adherence and outcomes.
Moreover, Lenacapavir is also being investigated for its potential use in HIV treatment and pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP), further expanding its therapeutic potential. This drug can potentially transform the management of HIV and provide new hope for individuals living with this chronic condition.
<h2 class="MsoNormal">9. Mirikizumab: Advancements in Inflammatory Bowel Disease Treatment</h2>
Mirikizumab, also developed by Eli Lilly and Company, is a monoclonal antibody (mAb) that shows promise as a treatment for ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. As part of a set of emerging therapies with novel mechanisms of action, Mirikizumab has the potential to contribute to the growing market share held by these therapies.
With its unique mechanism of action, Mirikizumab targets specific cytokines involved in the inflammatory process, offering a new approach to managing inflammatory bowel diseases. Its approval for ulcerative colitis is expected in 2023, followed by a potential Crohn's disease launch in 2025.
The launch of Mirikizumab will provide clinicians and patients with a new treatment option for these challenging conditions, potentially improving disease management and quality of life.
<h2 class="MsoNormal">10. Pegcetacoplan: Treating Rare Hematological Diseases</h2>
Pegcetacoplan, developed by <a href="https://apellis.com/">Apellis Pharmaceuticals</a>, is a novel complement C3 inhibitor approved to treat paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria (PNH), a rare haematological disease. The drug has already been launched in the United States and Europe and has shown promise in clinical trials.
In addition to its approved indication for PNH, Pegcetacoplan is also being evaluated for treating geographic atrophy, a form of dry age-related macular degeneration. If approved for geographic atrophy, Pegcetacoplan will be the first pharmacotherapy for this condition, addressing an unmet medical need.
The launch of Pegcetacoplan for geographic atrophy is expected in February 2023, potentially providing new hope for individuals affected by this debilitating eye condition.
<h2 class="MsoNormal">Looking to the Future of Pharmaceutical Research and Development </h2>
As we enter 2023, the pharmaceutical industry is poised for significant advancements in treating various diseases. The drugs highlighted in this article, including Lecanemab, Donanemab, Bimekizumab, Capivasertib, and others, offer new possibilities for patient care and represent the cutting edge of medical innovation.
While these potential blockbusters face regulatory challenges and uncertainties, they promise to transform patients' lives worldwide. The development and approval of these drugs demonstrate the industry's commitment to addressing unmet medical needs and pushing the boundaries of medical science.
As we watch these drugs closely in 2023, we should celebrate the progress made in the field of pharmaceutical research and remain hopeful for the future of healthcare. These groundbreaking treatments have the potential to revolutionize patient care, improve outcomes, and shape the landscape of medicine for years to come.
&nbsp;

The Future of Medicine: Unveiling the Top 10 Game-Changing Drugs in 2023

More humans are now living longer, healthier lives and organizations in Silicon Valley are devoting billions to discovering methods of stopping and even reversing the effects of ageing. Pharmaceutical and biotechnology firms all over the globe have transferred their endeavours and studies from attempting to avert the danger of instant mortality to prolonging life.
&nbsp;
In 2014, Joon Yun, a hedge fund supervisor, gave scientists a $1 million incentive to crack the code of life and extend the human lifespan beyond the estimated 120 years. There is a great deal of interest in living longer and healthier lives.
&nbsp;
Epigenetics could be a piece of the puzzle in this pursuit. But what is it? What is meant by a biological clock? How are the two linked?
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
What is the Study of Epigenetics?
&nbsp;
Epigenetics examines alterations in gene expression within organisms which are not caused by modifications to the DNA sequences.
&nbsp;
Epigenetic alterations differ from genetic ones since they are not permanent, and the genetic code inside cells remains unchanged. Nevertheless, epigenetics can shape how the DNA is read, altering subsequent responses.
&nbsp;
Epigenetic modifications are achieved by attaching certain chemicals to DNA strands without altering the sequence of the nucleotides. This process can either activate or deactivate genes and thus control the production of proteins within the cell. This mechanism allows cells to produce only the proteins required to function correctly.
&nbsp;
The entirety of a cell's DNA is referred to as the genome, and all the modifications that affect gene expression are known as the epigenome. Factors such as exercise, nutrition, pressure, drinking, smoking, environment, and socio-economic condition can all affect the epigenome; there is no limit to what may influence it.
&nbsp;
Epigenetic modifications can differ from person to person, and some of these changes may persist throughout the individual's life. However, many unknowns exist surrounding why modifications may vary with age.
&nbsp;
Epigenetic Aging's Trigger is Unlocked by DNA Methylation
&nbsp;
Epigenetic modification through DNA methylation is a significant component of many cellular activities, such as gene suppression, chromosome stability, embryonic development, genomic imprinting, and chromosome inactivation.
&nbsp;
It has been discovered that when the DNA methylation process malfunctions, it can be correlated to certain medical conditions, including cancers, cardiovascular diseases, atherosclerosis, and nervous disorders.
&nbsp;
Research conducted at the University of California, Los Angeles, by&nbsp;<a href="https://ph.ucla.edu/faculty/horvath" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Professor Steve Horvath</a>&nbsp;revealed that methylation could effectively measure biological age. To come to this conclusion, the team examined 13,000 human samples and formulated an algorithm to determine a person's biological age accurately.
&nbsp;
In 2013, Horvath created his renowned Horvath clock, which is utilized extensively. This idea, and other similar ones, are based on revealing how much organs have deteriorated. This could then help anticipate how many years of life a person has left, despite much disagreement regarding the precision of these clocks.
&nbsp;
Horvath has dubbed his clock a "pan-tissue clock" due to its ability to accurately assess the age of many organs in the human body. To create this clock, methylation data was collected from 8,000 samples of more than 50 different cell types and tissues. An algorithm was then utilized to estimate a person's chronological age based on this data.
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
Turning back the clock on ageing
&nbsp;
In California, Steve Horvath conducted a limited clinical trial which, for the first time in history, appeared to reverse indicators of ageing in people.
&nbsp;
After twelve months, nine males between 51 and 65, who were all in good health, were given three drugs - one growth hormone and two drugs for diabetes. At the end of the year, it was observed that, on average, the individuals had reversed their biological age by 2.5 years, as measured by the Horvath epigenetic clock. Furthermore, there were indications that the participants' immune systems had become younger.
&nbsp;
The researchers were astounded by the outcome, which was the opposite of what they had anticipated - a slowing down of the biological clock, not a reverse. Even though the research was a small sample size with no placebo control arm, it still showed promising results. However, there is still much work to be done before we are able to reverse ageing.
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
How might the discoveries concerning biological ageing affect the future?
&nbsp;
To date, many ageing clocks have been created, yet they still pose a few issues. Primarily, they are 'noisy', meaning that the minute alterations of the methylation process that occur over time can be exaggerated by mistakes in methylation assessment. This ultimately renders the outcomes relatively imprecise.
&nbsp;
Although these clocks are a decent way to measure someone's wellness, researchers are striving to make them more precise. Yet, as of now, they are not exact enough to be relied upon.
&nbsp;
Epigenetic clocks are still in their early stages. Still, they have the potential to be used in the future to provide a more comprehensive understanding of an individual's health when coupled with other tests, such as measuring cholesterol and blood pressure.
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
&nbsp;
&nbsp;

Uncovering the Link between Biological Age and Epigenetic Clocks: Are We Nearing a Way to Overcome Death?

The World Health Organisation has established that global warming is this century's most significant health emergency. It attributes climate change to highly hazardous air and water contamination as well as inadequate sanitation, which as a consequence, has caused 12.6 million deaths around the globe.&nbsp;
&nbsp;
The healthcare sector is not the primary source, but it still accounts for 4.4% of total net worldwide greenhouse gas emissions. If it were a country, it would be the fifth biggest producer of GHG. But, the industry is responding to the challenge, and many firms have started projects to support the global mission of reaching a net-zero state.
&nbsp;
In recent years, a variety of initiatives and proposals have been initiated.
&nbsp;
The Aim of Johnson &amp; Johnson Consumer Health: Achieving Healthy Lives
&nbsp;
In September of last year, Johnson &amp; Johnson Consumer Health promised to commit a&nbsp;<a style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(74, 110, 224);" href="https://jnj.co.uk/latest-news/johnson-johnson-commits-800-million-to-making-more-sustainable-products" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">total of $800 million</a>&nbsp;in the upcoming decade to make their items more sustainable.&nbsp;
&nbsp;
The Healthy Lives Mission from J&amp;JCH has recently been announced to utilise 100% recyclable, reusable, or compostable plastic packaging and paper/pulp-based packaging with certified post-consumer recycled materials for their consumer brands by 2025.
&nbsp;
<a style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(74, 110, 224);" href="https://jnj.co.uk/latest-news/johnson-johnson-commits-800-million-to-making-more-sustainable-products" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">As stated by Katie Decker</a>, Global President for Essential Health at J&amp;JCH,
&nbsp;
"Our company is focused on health and healthy people&mdash;everything we work on is designed to make people's lives healthier. [&hellip;] How can we continue to do that if we're not serious about the health of the planet, too?"
&nbsp;
Kaiser Permanente is the initial healthcare system to become carbon-neutral in the United States
&nbsp;
In 2016,&nbsp;<a style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(74, 110, 224);" href="https://healthy.kaiserpermanente.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Kaiser Permanente</a>, the premier non-profit healthcare provider in America, declared its objective to become carbon neutral. By the end of 2020, they accomplished this mission by decreasing their carbon footprint (e.g. advancing the energy proficiency of their facilities, introducing solar panels to the premises, obtaining energy from sustainable sources, etc.) and buying carbon offsets.
&nbsp;
The company's annual carbon imprint of 800,000 tons has been eradicated, the same as removing 175,000 cars from the streets. It has been granted a carbon-neutral certification covering the following three scopes;4
&nbsp;
<ul>
<li>Emissions under&nbsp;Scope 1: those that are direct and originate from sources owned or operated by the company.</li>
<li>Emissions from energy consumption: those produced from the use of energy by an organisation.</li>
<li>Emissions outside of the direct control of the company: these may include corporate travel, for example.</li>
</ul>
&nbsp;
The business is determined to lessen further its Scope 3 emissions, which considers its supply chain, in the future. Additionally, in June 2022, the company aimed to cut its GHG emissions by 50% by 2030 and become carbon neutral by 2050.
&nbsp;
AstraZeneca's ambitious plans for carbon neutrality
At the World Economic Forum's Annual Meeting in Davos, Switzerland, in January 2020, AstraZeneca announced its goal to become a zero carbon emitter in its global operations by 2025 with a $1 billion programme. The company aims to be carbon negative across its entire value chain by 2030.
&nbsp;
The company aims to extend further its sustainability objectives, which were to double its energy efficiency, use sustainable energy resources, and transition to a fully electric vehicle fleet.
&nbsp;
AstraZeneca has declared its intention to commit up to $1 billion to realise its new agenda, which comprises the fabrication of a novel kind of respiratory inhaler that uses near-zero Global Warming Potential (GWP) propellants. The company is working to reach its worldwide operations' net zero objectives without depending on offsets. Furthermore, AstraZeneca announced the AZ Forest project, a 50-million trees reforestation effort to be implemented over five years.
&nbsp;
Pascal Soriot, AstraZeneca's CEO, has declared that the company will pursue a zero-carbon strategy to eliminate emissions by 2025 and be carbon negative across the entire value chain by 2030.
&nbsp;
Climate change poses a critical danger to humanity's health, the environment, and the economic stability of the world. Since 2015, our carbon emissions from operations have been reduced by nearly a third, as well as our water consumption by almost one-fifth. Now is the time to act with greater urgency and increase our efforts. The commitments AstraZeneca has announced as part of our 'Ambition Zero Carbon' plan will help us accelerate the reduction of our organisation's climate impact and lead the way in the global collaboration to bring about policy change.
&nbsp;
My Green Lab is a non-profit organisation striving to attain a net zero carbon footprint in the life sciences sector.
&nbsp;
Launched in 2013,&nbsp;<a style="background-color: transparent; color: rgb(74, 110, 224);" href="https://www.mygreenlab.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">My Green Lab</a>&nbsp;is a non-profit aiming to improve the sustainability of scientific research. Their purpose is to bring a fresh outlook, helping life science organisations implement sustainable practices and instil a culture of sustainability in labs, which are notoriously demanding in terms of resources.
&nbsp;
My Green Lab, a company staffed by scientists, relies on their expertise in the industry to set up standards, monitor their execution, and motivate lasting reform within the scientific community.
&nbsp;
The mission of the organisation is approached through two different means.
<ul>
<li>Companies can explore new options to lessen their environmental footprint by using programs that inspire them to rethink their methods. This shift in mindset can then have a progressive effect on employees' lives.</li>
<li>My Green Lab utilises a data-driven methodology to back their suggestions of sustainable techniques, making the information available to all involved and the larger life science community.</li>
</ul>
&nbsp;
My Green Lab has been in existence for some time now and has certified over 900 laboratory teams and provided assistance to many scientists globally.
&nbsp;

What Is The Life Science Industry Doing To Reach Net Zero?

For decades, those in the scientific, healthcare, and research fields have been striving to develop techniques to alter the human genome to combat, heal, or stop a sickness or medical issues. Martin Cline was the pioneer in researching the ability to alter human DNA in 1980 and the US National Institutes of Health approved the first successful human nuclear gene transfer in May 1989.&nbsp;More recently, people and governments worldwide have grown to accept gene therapy as a viable alternative to traditional treatments for various human conditions. As of 2019, the respective drug regulatory bodies have approved <a href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0734975019302022" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">22 gene medicines</a>.&nbsp;&nbsp;What can gene therapy do?The medical field of gene therapy involves altering genetic material in a person's cells to combat or inhibit a health issue. Rather than resorting to pharmaceuticals or operations, doctors can manipulate the patient's genetic components to address the disorder. Gene therapy is anticipated to one day remedy many diseases and illnesses, including cystic fibrosis, heart disease, diabetes, cancer, haemophilia, and AIDS.&nbsp;Gene Therapy: What is it and How Does it Work?&nbsp;Gene therapy is a process through which genetic material is introduced into a person's cells to correct an abnormality or disease. It uses various techniques, such as using a virus or other vector to deliver the genetic material, or a process, such as gene editing, to make changes to the existing genetic material. Gene therapy aims to provide a cell with new genetic information to modify the kind or amount of protein it manufactures.&nbsp; The goal is to treat the underlying cause of the disease or condition rather than just treat the symptoms.&nbsp;Two general gene therapy methods exist - gene addition and genome editing. Each of these can alter the genetic material of a cell.&nbsp;Incorporation of genes or relocation of genesGene transfer, or gene addition is a method by which new genetic material is introduced into cells. The necessary protein function can be recovered by introducing a functional copy (often referred to as a transgene) of a gene responsible for a missing or faulty protein.&nbsp;An alternate option is introducing a gene that supplies the cell with a protein for normal functioning, despite the genetic error. Rather than removing or replacing an altered or defective gene, gene transfer introduces a transgene that supplies the instructions for the proper protein to be manufactured.&nbsp;The primary focus of gene addition is to address single-gene diseases when a mutation occurs in one or both sets of genes. A vector transports a healthy gene into someone's cells, whether ex vivo (externally) or in vivo (internally).&nbsp;Viruses are often utilized as vectors due to their highly efficient ability to penetrate cells. Scientists have successfully found ways to keep the virus's capacity to introduce itself into a cell while removing the viral genes, allowing the virus to insert therapeutic genes into the cell.&nbsp;Gene Editing or Genome EditingGene editing, another name for genome editing is a modern gene therapy strategy in which molecular tools modify an organism's genetic material at specific points in the genome instead of putting new genetic material into the cells. The application of gene editing includes:&nbsp;&nbsp;· Rectify a genetic variation that leads to sickness so the gene can do its job correctly.· Activate a gene to battle a certain condition.· Deactivate a gene that is not operating in the desired manner.· Eliminate a DNA segment that obstructs a cell from functioning as it should or causing an illness.&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://medlineplus.gov/genetics/understanding/genomicresearch/genomeediting/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">CRISPR-Cas9</a>, otherwise known as clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats and CRISPR-associated protein 9, is a widely recognized gene editing technique. This system holds a great deal of promise. It is quicker, more economical, less complex, more precise, more effective, and has a greater range of potential applications than other gene-editing approaches.&nbsp;The CRISPR-Cas9 system utilizes two distinct molecules to cause a transformation in the DNA. These molecules are: · Cas9, an enzyme, works like a pair of molecular scissors that can snip the two strands of DNA at predetermined spots in the genome so that parts of DNA can be deleted orinserted.· A guide RNA (gRNA), consisting of a small sequence that binds to a specific part of a cell's DNA. This gRNA is then connected to Cas9, which directs it to the precise location that needs to be cut.&nbsp;Researchers use the cell's DNA repair systems to erase or insert genetic material. They can also modify the DNA by exchanging specific segments with a custom-made DNA sequence.&nbsp;What therapies are currently available?Currently, numerous gene therapies are in the process of being tested in clinical trials. Nevertheless, a few have <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene_therapy#List_of_gene_therapies_for_treatment_of_disease" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">already been authorized by the FDA</a>, and the EMA, such as:&nbsp;·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/abecma" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Abecma</a>, for multiple myeloma (<a href="http://www.bms.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Bristol-MyersSquibb</a>)·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.breyanzi.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Breyanzi</a>, for B-cell lymphoma (<a href="http://www.bms.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Bristol-Myers Squibb</a>)·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/luxturna" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Imlygic</a>, for melanoma (<a href="http://www.amgen.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Amgen</a>)·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/luxturna" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Luxturna</a>, for Leber congenital amaurosis (<a href="https://sparktx.com/" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Spark Therapeutics</a>)·&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/medicines/human/EPAR/zolgensma" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Zolgensma</a>, for Spinal muscular atrophy Type I (<a href="https://www.novartis.com/about/innovative-medicines/novartis-pharmaceuticals/novartis-gene-therapies" rel="noopener noreferrer" target="_blank">Novartis Gene Therapies</a>) Redbock and the Life Science industryRedbock provides resourcing solutions and highly skilled consultants to pharmaceutical, biotech, and medical device companies. Based in Encinitas, California, we work exclusively within the Life Science industry. We have helped some of the world’s largest and most cutting-edge companies by providing expert consultants and customized resource teams.We work exclusively with consultants who specialize in the life science industry, so you will get the best solution for your needs every time. Our rigorous selection process ensures you're matched with the top professionals in their area of expertise.Get in touch today to learn more about how our expertise can support your business.

Understanding Gene Therapy: An Overview of Its Processes and Purpose

The pharmaceutical industry has grown exponentially over the past two decades, from $390.2 billion in revenue in 2001 to $1,27 trillion in 2020, which is more than a 225% increase. Of this revenue, most companies spend around 20%+ on research and development.
The importance of research and development came to the forefront with the occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic and the need for an effective prevention method.
So, which&nbsp;<a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/281306/major-global-pharmaceutical-companies-based-on-pharma-revenue-2012/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">pharmaceutical companies are contributing to this growth</a>&nbsp;and enabling us to live longer, healthier lives?
Here are the world&rsquo;s top companies, based on pharmaceutical revenue in 2021.
&nbsp;
Pfizer - $81.3 Billion
<a href="http://www.pfizer.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Pfizer</a>&nbsp;earned the highest revenue within the pharmaceutical industry in 2021, reaching an astonishing $81.3 Billion.
This was partly due to the incredibly high volume of sales of their COVID-19 vaccine named Comirnaty, which they developed in partnership with&nbsp;<a href="http://www.biontech.de/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">BioNTech</a>, a German biotech company. Comirnaty was also the first coronavirus vaccine to be approved by national health authorities.
Pfizer also spent a record amount on research and development in 2021, spending&nbsp;<a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/267810/expenditure-on-research-and-development-at-pfizer-since-2006/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">$13.8 billion</a>, nearly 17% of its total revenue.
The company is a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nesfircroft.com/jobs/life-science" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">significant employer within the industry</a>, with an estimated 79,000 people on its payroll.
&nbsp;
Roche &ndash; $68.1 Billion
<a href="https://www.roche.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Roche</a>&nbsp;came second in highest pharma revenue for 2021, with $68.1 billion. In 2020, the company was in the top position when looking at the global sale of prescription drugs, reaching just short of $47.5 billion.
The company, based in Basel, Switzerland, was established in 1896 and is now particularly prominent within the oncology field, which makes up about 45% of its pharmaceutical revenue.
In 2009, Roche acquired&nbsp;<a href="http://www.gene.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Genetech</a>. This was one of the largest ever M&amp;A deals in history. It&rsquo;s this move that propelled Roche to the top of the biotechnology sector.
The company spent&nbsp;<a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/273029/top-10-pharmaceutical-companies-sales-and-rundd-spending-in-2010/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">$11.3 billion on R&amp;D in 2020</a>&nbsp;and is predicted to be the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/309469/global-r-and-d-spending-for-pharmaceuticals-by-projected-top-10-companies/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">top spender by 2026</a>, reaching $14 billion.
&nbsp;
AbbVie - $56.1 Billion
<a href="http://www.abbvie.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">AbbVie</a>&nbsp;ranks in the third position, with a global pharma revenue for 2021 of $56.1 billion, which was significantly higher than the previous couple of years (45.8 billion in 2020 and 33.3 billion in 2019).
The largest segment of the company deals with immunology, representing nearly half of AbbVie&rsquo;s business. Their biggest product by far is&nbsp;<a href="https://www.humira.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Humira</a>, a medicine that acts on the immune system and is used to treat a range of inflammatory conditions including psoriasis, arthritis, Crohn's disease, and ulcerative colitis.
AbbVie is also involved in hematologic oncology and neuroscience, and since they acquired&nbsp;<a href="http://www.allergan.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Allergan</a>&nbsp;in 2020, in eye care and medical aesthetics.
Originally, AbbVie were part of&nbsp;<a href="http://www.abbott.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Abbott Laboratories</a>, which was divided into two main segments: medical devices and pharmaceuticals. In 2021, Abbott Laboratories decided to segment its pharma division, which is how AbbVie emerged, although Abbott Laboratories retained its generic drugs business.
In 2020, AbbVie completed its largest-ever M&amp;A deal, acquiring&nbsp;<a href="http://www.allergan.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Allergan</a>, an Irish pharma company, for $63 billion.
&nbsp;
Johnson and Johnson - $52.1 Billion
In 2021,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.jnj.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Johnson and Johnson</a>&rsquo;s (J&amp;J) global pharma revenue reached $52,1 billion. In terms of market capitalisation, they were the leading pharma and biotech company in 2021, valued at&nbsp;<a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/272716/global-top-biotech-and-pharmaceutical-companies-based-on-market-value/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">$453.6 billion</a>.
The company is divided into three segments: pharmaceuticals, medical devices &amp; diagnostics, and consumer packaged goods. Total sales for J&amp;J reached nearly&nbsp;<a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/266403/total-revenue-of-johnson-und-johnson-since-2004/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">$93.8 billion in 2021</a>, with the pharma side of the business representing the largest proportion of this (approximately 56%).
Within pharma, J&amp;J is mostly engaged in immunology and oncology, although they&rsquo;re also involved in vaccines and infectious diseases. Today, J&amp;J&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nesfircroft.com/jobs/life-science" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">employ nearly 142,000 people</a>&nbsp;and has about 250 subsidiaries responsible for a range of well-known brands such as&nbsp;<a href="https://www.neutrogena.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Neutrogena</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.tylenol.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Tylenol</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.band-aid.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Band-Aid</a>, and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.acuvue.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Acuvue</a>.
&nbsp;
Novartis &ndash; $51.6 Billion
Global pharma revenue for&nbsp;<a href="https://www.novartis.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Novartis</a>&nbsp;reached $51.6 billion in 2021. The company also came second in 2020 for global prescription sales, which were worth&nbsp;<a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/273029/top-10-pharmaceutical-companies-sales-and-rundd-spending-in-2010/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">$47.2 billion</a>.
The company started implementing restructuring measures in 2015 and is now divided into two segments:&nbsp;<a href="https://www.sandoz.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Sandoz</a>&nbsp;and pharmaceuticals (named&nbsp;<a href="https://www.novartis.com/about/innovative-medicines" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Innovative Medicines</a>). The pharma segment is responsible for the largest share of the company&rsquo;s revenue ($42 billion).
The majority of Novartis&rsquo;s business comes from Europe ($20.2 billion) and the US ($16.8 billion) and its top products are&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cosentyx.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Cosentyx</a>&nbsp;(an immunomodulating agent) and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.entresto.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Entresto</a>&nbsp;(cardiovascular medication).
In 2021, the company spent just over 20% of its total revenue (<a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/266134/novartis-expenditure-on-research-and-development-since-2004/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">$9.5 billion</a>) on R&amp;D.
&nbsp;
Merck &amp; Co. - $48.7 Billion
<a href="https://www.merck.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Merck &amp; Co.</a>&rsquo;s global pharma revenue for 2021 was worth $48.7 billion. The company can trace its roots right back to 1668 when Jacob Friedrich Merck purchased a drug shop in Darmstadt, Germany.
A subsidiary was formed in America in 1891, which was then confiscated in 1917 by the US state to help the war effort. Since then, it has remained an American independent company.
Merck create a whole range of products including oncology medication, vaccines, and animal health treatments. The company&rsquo;s leading product is&nbsp;<a href="https://www.keytruda.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Keytruda</a>, a cancer drug used to treat melanoma. Their other main product is&nbsp;<a href="https://www.januvia.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Januvia</a>, a type-2 diabetes drug.
In 2021, the company was&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nesfircroft.com/jobs/life-science" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">employing about 68,000 people</a>&nbsp;spread across more than a hundred countries.
&nbsp;
Bristol-Myers Squibb - $46.4 Billion
<a href="https://www.bms.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Bristol-Myers Squibb</a>&rsquo;s (BMS) global pharma revenue reached $46.4 billion in 2021. BMS produces a range of prescription pharmaceuticals and biologics used in a range of therapeutic areas including oncology, haematology, immunology, and cardiovascular disease.
The company was founded in 1989 through the merger of two American Companies &lsquo;Squibb&rsquo; and &lsquo;Bristol-Myers&rsquo;.
In 2021,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/266585/bristol-myers-squibbs-top-products-based-on-revenue/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">BMS&rsquo;s top products</a>, based on revenue, were:
<ul>
<li><a style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" href="https://www.revlimid.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Revlimid</a>, a prescription medicine used to treat adults with multiple myeloma, a type of cancer that forms in plasma cells.</li>
<li><a style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" href="https://www.eliquis.bmscustomerconnect.com/globalpage" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Eliquis</a>, or apixaban, an anticoagulant used to treat and prevent blood clots and to prevent strokes in people with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.</li>
<li><a style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" href="https://www.opdivo.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Opdivo</a>, a prescription medicine used to treat people with cancer of the lining of the urinary tract.</li>
<li><a style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" href="https://www.orencia.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Orencia</a>, a prescription medicine that reduces signs and symptoms in adults with moderate to severe rheumatoid arthritis.</li>
<li><a style="background-color: rgb(255, 255, 255);" href="https://www.pomalyst.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Pomalyst</a>, an anti-angiogenic that also acts as an immunomodulator.</li>
</ul>
&nbsp;
NES Fircroft and the Life Science industry
NES Fircroft has been supporting the Life Science market for over 20 years, sourcing personnel for engineering, scientific and commercial roles across the market. We recruit highly experienced professionals to the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nesfircroft.com/jobs/pharma-and-biotech" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">biotechnology, pharmaceutical</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nesfircroft.com/jobs/diagnostics" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">diagnostics</a>, and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nesfircroft.com/jobs/medical-devices" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">medical devices</a>&nbsp;industries.
We can provide both permanent and contract candidates to the Life Science industry across Quality, Clinical, Regulatory/Compliance, and Engineering disciplines.

Top 7 Pharmaceutical Companies In The World

Penicillin, derived from the Penicillium mould, was one of the first and still is one of the most widely used antibiotic agents to this day. Its discovery was a momentous event for humanity, signalling the dawn of the antibiotic age. Before then, there was no cure for infections such as gonorrhoea, blood poisoning, meningitis, pneumonia, or rheumatic fever. It&rsquo;s estimated that to date, it&rsquo;s saved over&nbsp;<a href="https://health.adelaide.edu.au/florey120anniversary/one-discovery-that-changed-the-world" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">200 million lives.</a>
The 28th of September marks the 93rd anniversary of Penicillin&rsquo;s discovery. In celebration of this crucial breakthrough, here&rsquo;s everything you need to know about penicillin.
&nbsp;
How does penicillin work?
There are different strands of penicillin that have antibacterial properties, attacking a whole range of bacteria. They work by indirectly bursting bacterial cell walls. They do this by attacking peptidoglycans, which play an important role in maintaining the structure of the bacterial cells.
Peptidoglycans create a mesh-like structure around the plasma membrane of bacterial cells, thus strengthening the cell walls and stopping external particles and fluids from entering the cell. Penicillin works by blocking the protein struts that bind the peptidoglycans together, stopping bacteria from closing the holes in the cell walls.
Because the water concentration is lower within bacteria than in surrounding fluids, water gushes through the holes in the walls of the cells and the bacteria explode.
&nbsp;
The discovery of penicillin
Sir Alexander Fleming, Professor of Bacteriology at St. Mary's Hospital in London, had returned from a holiday and was sorting through petri dishes containing colonies of Staphylococcus, bacteria that can cause sore throats, abscesses, and boils.
Fleming noticed that one of the petri dishes has been contaminated. Whilst there were colonies dotted around it, there was one area of the petri dish where mould had grown and the zone around it was clear. It seemed like the mould had produced a substance that inhibited bacterial growth.
Looking into this further, he discovered that this substance produced by the mould was capable of killing a whole range of dangerous bacteria, such as the diphtheria bacillus, meningococcus, and streptococcus (all gram-positive pathogens).
The next task Fleming set himself, alongside his assistants Frederick Ridley and Stuart Craddock, was to isolate pure penicillin from the mould. However, this proved extremely complicated as the mould was very unstable.
Fleming published his findings in 1929 in the British Journal of Experimental Pathology but with still no luck isolating the compound, he stopped studying penicillin in 1931.
&nbsp;
The evolution of penicillin
Although Alexander Fleming has been credited with the discovery of penicillin, it was Howard Florey, Ernst Chain and their colleagues at the University of Oxford who turned Fleming&rsquo;s discovery into a life-saving drug.
In 1939, just as wartime conditions were starting to make research especially challenging, Florey gathered a team that included Norman Heatley, a fungal expert, and together with Chain, they managed to successfully purify penicillin from a sample of Fleming&rsquo;s strain of Penicillium mould.
On the 25th of May 1939, the researchers injected eight mice with a dangerous strain of Streptococcus. They then gave four of these mice penicillin. The other four were kept as untreated controls. The next morning, all four mice given penicillin were alive. The other four were dead.
In February 1941, Albert Alexander was the first person to receive penicillin. Whilst pruning his roses, the 43-year-old policeman has scratched the side of his mouth. He developed a life-threatening infection and had abscesses affecting his whole body. Given penicillin, he made a remarkable recovery within the first 24 hours. Unfortunately, the supply of penicillin ran out before he could make a full recovery and he subsequently passed away.
Soon after, other patients were administered penicillin with remarkable success, and there were soon plans to make penicillin available for British troops on the battlefield. However, wartime conditions made it very difficult to mass-produce the drug, so Florey turned towards the United States for help.
In 1941, with backing from the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.rockefellerfoundation.org/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Rockefeller Foundation</a>, Florey and Heatley travelled to the US to see if they could raise interest from American pharmaceutical companies to produce penicillin on a large scale. With the help of Robert Thom from the department of Agriculture, they were referred to the Northern Regional Research Laboratory (NRRL) in Peoria, Illinois, which had a well-established Fermentation Division.
With the agreement of Orville May, Director of the NRRL, and under the direction of Robert Coghill, Chief of the Fermentation Division, research began to increase the yield of penicillin. Heatley remained in Peoria to provide his expertise and significant progress was soon made.
In the meantime, Florey travelled around the US, visiting various pharmaceutical companies to drive up their interest in the drug. Although initially pick-up was slow, with the backing of Alfred Newton Richards, chair of the Committee on Medical Research (CMR) of the Office of Scientific Research and Development (OSRD), several big pharma businesses, including&nbsp;<a href="https://www.merck.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Merck</a>, Squibb (now&nbsp;<a href="http://www.bms.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Bristol Myers Squibb</a>), and&nbsp;<a href="http://www.pfizer.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">Pfizer</a>, picked up research and production of penicillin.
At the end of 1942, there was enough penicillin to treat less than 100 patients. By September 1943, there was enough to supply the whole of the Allied Armed Forces. By the end of the war, American companies were producing 650 billion units per month.
&nbsp;
Current applications of penicillin
Different species of the mould Penicillium can synthesise different types of penicillin, which can be separated into two classes: naturally occurring penicillin, which results from the process of mould fermentation, and semisynthetic penicillin, in which the structure of the chemical substance 6-aminopenicillanic acid (found in all penicillin) is altered in different ways.
This means it&rsquo;s possible to modify the characteristics of the antibiotic and to manufacture different kinds of penicillin to fit specific therapeutic purposes.
Penicillin G and penicillin V, both naturally occurring, are still used to this day. Penicillin G is very unstable within an acid environment, meaning it gets broken down when it goes through the stomach. For this reason, it&rsquo;s given by intramuscular injection, which limits the ways it can be used. On the other hand, penicillin V is a lot more resistant to digestive acids and can be taken orally. This is also the case for some semisynthetic penicillin.
Because all penicillin work in the same way, they only work against microorganisms that are actively replicating and producing cell walls, whilst presenting no threat to human cells.
As time has gone by, some types of previously susceptible bacteria, such as Staphylococcus, have grown resistant to naturally occurring penicillin, something that was already being documented as soon as 1940. Second-generation penicillin has been developed since. However, due to the nature of bacteria, the speed at which they reproduce, and the occurrence of mutations, multiple drug-resistant bacteria have emerged. More than 150 antibiotics have been developed since penicillin was discovered, and for many antibiotics available, resistance has appeared.
Even so, it&rsquo;s undeniable that Alexander Fleming&rsquo;s discovery, and the work done by researchers such as Howard Florey, Ernst Chain, and Norman Heatley, changed the world of medicine forever. It led to the discovery of all kinds of strands of penicillin and other antibiotics, saving the lives of hundreds of thousands of people.
&nbsp;
NES Fircroft and the Life Science industry
NES Fircroft has been supporting the Life Science market for over 20 years, sourcing personnel for engineering, scientific and commercial roles across the market. We recruit highly experienced professionals to the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nesfircroft.com/jobs/pharma-and-biotech" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">biotechnology, pharmaceutical</a>,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nesfircroft.com/jobs/diagnostics" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">diagnostics</a>, and&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nesfircroft.com/jobs/medical-devices" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">medical devices</a>&nbsp;industries. We can provide both permanent and contract candidates to the Life Science industry across Quality, Clinical, Regulatory/Compliance, and Engineering disciplines.
If you&rsquo;re looking for skilled personnel,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nesfircroft.com/about/contact" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">get in touch</a>&nbsp;with our&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nesfircroft.com/disciplines/life-science" target="_blank" rel="noopener noreferrer">dedicated Life Science Recruitment teams</a>&nbsp;to find out how we can support you.
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Everything You Need To Know About Penicillin

The&nbsp;Life Science industry&nbsp;has faced many challenges over recent years. With new regulations being put into place, continuous technological advancements, intense price pressures, and a global pandemic, companies have had to adapt and find new ways of managing their quality and compliance processes to remain safe and compliant, and this isn&rsquo;t set to change any time soon.
So what are the key quality and compliance trends within the Life Science sector to look out for in 2022?
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Connected Technology: Keeping businesses going
With the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, many companies have had to adapt to a new way of working very quickly. Many countries have installed working-from-home policies which have led to an unprecedented reliance on business-wide connected systems and software.
Life Science companies that were previously reliant on paper-based or hybrid quality management systems have had to adapt to an increasingly and irrevocably digital world.
With a workforce that is working remotely rather than in offices, companies have been forced to develop new processes to remain connected and ensure quality and compliance standards are upheld throughout the company and its value chain.
As highlighted in a&nbsp;MasterControl Quality Management trends brief,
Global pharmaceutical compounding company Fagron is a prime example. The company processes the common steroid dexamethasone, which has proven to be effective in fighting the novel coronavirus in seriously ill patients. Having a single, accessible quality system helps the company maintain maximum productivity while ensuring quality throughout the product&rsquo;s life cycle.
Cloud adoption, agile ecosystems and connected platforms all combine to ensure that information isn&rsquo;t lost through ineffective communication across departments and teams. This has enabled many Life Science companies to avoid missing issues that could have a dramatic effect, delaying projects, damaging their reputation, or even costing lives.
This trend is only going to keep growing in 2022 as more and more companies invest in the infrastructure necessary to survive in a world where many workers will be working from home the majority of the time and have to communicate effectively.
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Adopting a data-driven mindset
Data management is a key part of quality and compliance activities. Having access to relevant data throughout a company is vital to ensuring transparency and identifying any issues that have happened or that are likely to. Not only that, but colleagues throughout a company are also generating their own data and sharing it every single working day. They need to be able to exchange it and make decisions fast.
The rate of mergers and acquisitions that have been taking place within the Life Science industry, along with new quality software and IT systems being introduced all the time, have also led to many challenges. Companies merging and/or adopting different systems throughout the company make it more difficult to adopt comprehensive and uniform quality and compliance strategies.
Because upgrading or consolidating existing IT systems is extremely expensive and complex, many quality teams have historically relied on workflows and processes provided by off-the-shelf software, without considering whether these really fit the company&rsquo;s needs and evolving industry requirements and regulations.
Nevertheless, there has been a growing movement within the Life Science industry, especially in recent years, towards a much more rigorous use of eQMS (electronic Quality Management Systems) which can pool together data from an entire company and make it accessible to staff wherever they are.
Managers are increasingly adopting data-driven platforms. They are no longer having to spend unnecessary time using legacy quality management systems, working through unstructured data (most often stored in different locations), and double-checking spreadsheets and documents, something which often led to quality deficiencies being spotted too late and delayed delivery timelines.
Now, using data-driven, platform-enabled quality models, companies are better able to gain reliable insights and make informed decisions. This trend will only accelerate in the years to come as more and more Life Science companies see the potential benefits of adopting a data-driven mindset and remodel their businesses accordingly.
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Automation of Quality and Compliance Processes
Automation has been a key part of how quality and compliance have evolved over the past few years. Through robotics and cognitive automation (R&amp;CA), quality and compliance teams avoid the need to do repetitive and time-intensive tasks such as processing volumes of data on product quality and distribution, product labelling, and record maintenance.
R&amp;CA involves two different yet related technologies: robotic process automation (RPA) and robotic cognitive automation (RCA).
RPA tools are systems that are based on a set of rules. They simulate human behaviour to automate parts of processes that are repeatable. Once written and tested, RPA algorithms don&rsquo;t change and function predictably. Processes that are repetitive and high-volume, with set steps and systems are generally well suited for robotic process automation.
RCA adds an extra layer of complexity, as it adds cognitive capabilities to RPA through the introduction of Machine Learning tools. Robotic cognitive automation tools can process and interpret unstructured data, draw conclusions from it, and engage in predictive reasoning. Not only that but RCA can also evolve over time as it encounters more data and learns from it. Quality and compliance teams that invest enough time in training these tools can get to a point where RCA solutions can conduct many of the same tasks as a human.
For example, one way in which R&amp;CA has been applied is in training for employees. Many Quality and Compliance teams have used automation to enhance their training and Learning Management Systems, automating assignments, detecting gaps, and then working alongside affected personnel to remedy these gaps.
Another way automation has been applied is to detect high-risk abnormalities in imagery through large-scale interpretation and processing of clinical trial data. Automation makes it possible to identify patterns and anything that deviates from them a lot more quickly, making it possible to solve any issues a lot more quickly, avoid delays, and potentially even save lives.
Enterprises are reaping the benefits of adopting automation, and it is set to expand through the Life Science industry in 2022 as companies reevaluate how they can incorporate the technology in their business models.
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Life Science Quality And Compliance Trends In 2022

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has a huge role to play within Life Sciences. With such unimaginable amounts of data generated every single day through Research and Development (R&amp;D), AI can help analyse and draw relevant information from it a lot more quickly than if humans were to do so.
Artificial Intelligence makes use of various complex tools and networks to mimic human intelligence. The software and systems involved in AI can interpret data and learn from it to make independent decisions to reach a given goal.
AI can help the Life Science industry wade through the jungle of data, enabling humans to discover and develop new drugs, conduct more efficient clinical trials, ensure treatment is suited to the individual patient and diagnose diseases more accurately - the list is endless.
Emerging in the 1970s, Artificial Intelligence is still a relatively new concept within the field of Life Sciences and considering all that it has already helped to achieve, one can only imagine how much more we have yet to discover. So, here are just a few of the many ways in which AI is being used within Life Sciences to push the boundaries of the industry ever further.
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AI in Drug Discovery and Development: Millions of molecules and potential drugs yet to be discovered
At present, about 90% of the drugs on the market are chemically synthesised small molecules. These present many advantages, such as simpler manufacturing processes, easier administration routes, longer shelf lives, higher stability, and lower specificity. This means these drugs are effective and safe for many people. However, because they have a lower specificity, small drug molecules also involve the potential for more side effects, meaning they are less likely to pass clinical trials successfully.
Technological advancements have meant that researchers have been able to discover larger, more complex biological therapeutics, referred to as biologics. These are much more specific to their target and there has been much excitement over their potential. In 2018, 17 of the 59 drugs approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) were biologics.
And of course, AI can play a huge role in the further discovery and development of such molecules and other drugs. The number of different molecules that exist around us is immense - roughly 10 to the power of 60 (10^60). With the limited number of advanced technologies we have at present, the screening and analysis of even a small portion of these molecules is time-consuming and extremely expensive.
As stated in a Deloitte article entitled &lsquo;Intelligent Drug Discovery Powered By AI&rsquo;:
Of the 10,000 molecules initially screened, only 10 make it to clinical trials. Moreover, the chance of success for a compound entering phase I trials, the first phase of clinical testing, is slightly under 10 per cent and has not increased in a decade.
This is something AI can help researchers with. Artificial Intelligence-based tools can scan through and cross-reference vast and complex datasets a lot faster and more accurately than humans can. Out of this emerges a much more precise list of molecules and potential drug candidates which can then be analysed by scientists, saving them a lot of time and effort.
Once potential drugs have been identified, AI is then able to do things such as:
&bull; Predict 3D structures of target proteins
&bull; Predict drug-protein interactions
&bull; Help determine drug activity
&bull; Design brand new drugs
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AI in Clinical Trials: designing optimal trials
Big Data and Artificial Intelligence complement each other as AI can help analyse and synthesise huge datasets. Within the Clinical Trials field, AI and Machine Learning (ML) have the potential to significantly reduce costs and timescales, whilst producing more reliable results and insights.
Artificial Intelligence is now capable of estimating optimal sample sizes and implementing trials remotely on participants located in different places. By using advanced predictive analytics on a wide range of available data, AI can also identify suitable candidates for clinical trials for target populations much faster than before.
Recruitment of candidates for trials is often a long and arduous process that involves a lot of manual screening. The screening for candidates mainly entails analysis of textual data. This means Natural Language Processing (NLP) models, combined with ML algorithms, Deep Learning (DL), and Optical Character Recognition (OCR), can dramatically accelerate the recruitment process. These technologies can:
&bull; Sort through medical records to identify patients that fit the clinical trial description
&bull; Learn from past trials and candidates to inform the recruitment of future candidates
&bull; Through chatbots, dynamically create qualifying questions to ascertain whether a candidate is suitable for a trial (although this is still in its infancy)
All of this combines so that scientists can gather more accurate and relevant data from their trials. Thanks to AI algorithms and effective digital infrastructure, the large amount of data collected from these trials can then be cleaned, collected, coded, stored, and managed effectively.
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AI and personalised healthcare
There are currently vast amounts of research being done into how machine learning and predictive analytics can help tailor treatment to an individual&rsquo;s unique health history. Such research could help ensure that diagnosis and treatment are optimised.
At present, this technology is used to support doctors in identifying what a patient might be suffering from, based on their genetics and symptoms. If a healthcare professional can accurately diagnose a patient, they can make a more informed decision when it comes to treatment or even prevention.
Much attention has also been paid to how wearable devices, biosensors, and health-measuring mobile apps can provide additional data on a person&rsquo;s health. This vast amount of extra data, coupled with existing medical records and history, can be analysed and ordered using AI.
Artificial Intelligence can identify trends, patterns, and anomalies, drawing conclusions from these to give both doctors and individuals a more well-rounded understanding of the person&rsquo;s health, as well as how to take care of it.
Not only that but using such devices can also dramatically reduce costs as they limit the need for expensive and lengthy testing. It also means that any potential health issues can be identified a lot more quickly, possibly saving lives.
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NES Fircroft and the Life Science industry
NES Fircroft has been supporting the Life Science market for over 20 years, sourcing personnel for engineering, scientific and commercial roles across the market. We recruit highly experienced professionals to the biotechnology, pharmaceutical, diagnostics, and medical devices industries.
We can provide both permanent and contract candidates to the Life Science industry across Quality, Clinical, Regulatory/Compliance, and Engineering disciplines.
If you&rsquo;re looking for skilled personnel, get in touch with our dedicated Life Science Recruitment teams to find out how we can support you.
Are you looking for a new job? Browse our Life Science vacancies today.
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